Buddhism & Jainism for UPSC Prelims

Buddhism & Jainism – UPSC Essentials

Both Buddhism and Jainism emerged in the 6th century BCE as heterodox reactions to Brahmanical orthodoxy — opposing caste rigidity, Vedic ritualism, and the dominance of Sanskrit. They arose mainly in the middle Gangetic plains and are among the most important topics for UPSC Prelims and GS-I Mains.

⚡ Why Did These Religions Emerge?

Reasons Behind the Rise of Heterodox Sects

Kshatriya reaction: Both Mahavira and Buddha were Kshatriyas — they challenged Brahmin supremacy over religion
Against caste rigidity: Opposed the rigid varna system and birth-based hierarchy
Against animal sacrifice: Vedic rituals involving animal killing were condemned
Vedic Sanskrit inaccessible: Both preached in Prakrit and Pali — languages of the common people
Economic factor: The rise of trade and commerce made Vaishyas (merchants) seek an alternative to Brahmin dominance — Buddhism and Jainism gave them dignity and social recognition
Intellectual ferment: Upanishadic philosophy had already challenged ritualism — Buddhism and Jainism took this further

🟤 JAINISM 👤 Vardhamana Mahavira – The 24th Tirthankara

Life & Background

Born: 599 BCE at Kundagrama (near Vaishali, Bihar)
Clan: Licchavi clan — a Kshatriya family
Father: Siddhartha (head of Jnatrikas clan)
Mother: Trishala (sister of Licchhavi chief Chetaka)
Wife: Yashoda; Daughter: Priyadarshana
Left home: At age 30 (after parents’ death)
Attained Kaivalya (enlightenment): After 12 years of intense penance — under a Sal tree on the banks of the Rijupalika river, near Jambhiyagrama
Death (Nirvana): 527 BCE at Pavapuri (Bihar) at age 72
Known as: Jina (conqueror), Nigantha Nataputta (in Buddhist texts), Mahavira

Key Terms

Jina: Conqueror (of passions) → hence followers are called Jains
Nirgrantha: Free from bonds (another name for Mahavira)
Kaivalya: Enlightenment in Jainism (= Nirvana in Buddhism)
Tirthankar: Ford-maker — one who helps cross the river of rebirth
Gandhara: Mahavira’s 11 chief disciples were called Gandharvas — their leader was Sudharman (first head of Jain Sangha after Mahavira)

⭐ UPSC Frequently Asked

📜 The 24 Tirthankaras

Jainism believes in 24 Tirthankaras (spiritual teachers)
First Tirthankara: Rishabhanatha (Adinath) — mentioned in the Rigveda; also mentioned in Vishnu Purana and Bhagavat Purana as an avatar of Vishnu
23rd Tirthankara: Parshvanatha — lived about 250 years before Mahavira; preached four vows (excluded Brahmacharya)
24th Tirthankara: Vardhamana Mahavira — added Brahmacharya as the 5th vow (Pancha Mahavrata)
Vedic texts mention only Rishabhadeva and Arishtanemi among the 24 Tirthankaras

⭐ UPSC Prelims Asked

⚖️ Jain Philosophy & Doctrines

Pancha Mahavrata (Five Great Vows)

Ahimsa – Non-violence (the most important)
Satya – Truthfulness
Asteya – Non-stealing
Aparigraha – Non-possession
Brahmacharya – Celibacy (added by Mahavira; Parshvanatha had only four)

📌 UPSC Note First four vows were preached by Parshvanatha. Mahavira added Brahmacharya as the fifth vow.

Triratna (Three Jewels) — Path to Moksha

Samyak Darshana – Right Faith/Belief
Samyak Jnana – Right Knowledge
Samyak Charitra – Right Conduct

These three together lead to Kaivalya (Moksha) in Jainism.

Core Philosophical Doctrines

Anekantavada: The doctrine of many-sidedness of truth — reality is complex and multi-faceted; no single viewpoint captures the whole truth
Syadvada: Theory of conditional predication — “Perhaps” or “maybe” — all judgements are conditional. Also called Saptabhangi Naya (seven-fold predication)
Nayavada: Doctrine of partial viewpoints — related to Anekantavada
Karma as substance: Jainism believes Karma is a real physical substance that permeates the soul
Soul (Jiva): Jainism believes in the eternal existence of the soul — every living being has a Jiva (including plants, water, fire, earth)
Ajiva: Non-living matter — the other component of universe
Moksha: Liberation through strict asceticism — the complete shedding of karma

⭐ Syadvada asked in UPSC Prelims

Seven Fundamentals (Tattvas) — Tattvartha Sutra

Jiva – Soul
Ajiva – Non-soul matter
Asrava – Influx of karma
Bandha – Bondage of soul by karma
Samvara – Stopping the influx of karma
Nirjara – Shedding accumulated karma
Moksha – Liberation

Other Important Concepts

Ahimsa is supreme: Even agriculture is prohibited as it harms insects
God: Jainism recognises gods (including Brahmanical gods), but they are subordinate to Tirthankaras
Vedas: Jainism rejects the authority of Vedas
Caste: Rejects birth-based caste; emphasises conduct
Sallekana (Sallekhana): Ritual death by fasting — the highest form of Jain asceticism
Jain cosmology: Universe is eternal — no creator God
Paryushana: Important Jain festival — Kalpa Sutra is recited
Jain monasteries: Called Basadis (Basadas)
Gandharva: Mahavira’s 11 chief disciples; Gandharva literally means “leader of the school” (head of a Gana)

🔱 Sects of Jainism

Digambara vs Shwetambara

Split occurred: c. 300 BCE during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya — when Bhadrabahu led a group to South India (Karnataka), followed by Chandragupta Maurya
Digambara (“Sky-clad” — naked): Do not wear clothes; believe women cannot attain moksha; consider the original Agamas lost; associated with South India (Karnataka)
Shwetambara (“White-clad”): Wear white clothes; believe women can attain moksha; preserve the Agamas; associated with Western India (Rajasthan, Gujarat)
Yapaniya: A sub-sect — part Digambara (naked monks) but accepts some Shwetambara practices

📌 Key Fact Chandana (daughter of Dadhivahana, king of Champa) was the first female disciple (first Bhikshuni) of Mahavira.

👑 Royal Patrons of Jainism

Chandragupta Maurya — converted to Jainism in old age; accompanied Bhadrabahu to Karnataka; died by Sallekana at Shravanabelagola
Udayin — Haryanka king; supporter
Bimbisara — Haryanka king; supporter
Ajatashatru — Haryanka king; supporter
Kharvela — Kalinga king; major Jain patron (Hathigumpha inscription)
Amoghavarsha (Rashtrakuta) — became a Jain monk; wrote Ratnamalika
Kumarapala (Solanki, Gujarat) — made Jainism state religion under Hemachandra’s influence
States that patronised Jainism: Ganga, Kadamba, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta

📅 Jain Councils

First Jain Council: c. 300 BCE at Pataliputra — presided by Sthulabhadra; compiled 12 Angas; Digambaras opposed this council
Second Jain Council: c. 512 CE at Valabhi (Gujarat) — presided by Devardhigani Kshamasramana; final compilation of Shwetambara canon

🟢 BUDDHISM 👤 Gautama Buddha – Life & Enlightenment

Life & Background

Born: 563 BCE at Lumbini (modern Nepal) on Vaisakha Purnima
Clan: Shakya clan — hence also called Shakyamuni
Father: Shuddhodana (ruler of Kapilavastu)
Mother: Mahamaya (died shortly after birth); raised by aunt Mahapajapati Gotami
Wife: Yashodhara; Son: Rahula
The Great Renunciation (Mahabhinishkramana): Left home at age 29
Enlightenment (Mahaparinibbana / Bodhi): After 6 years of meditation — under the Peepal (Bodhi) tree at Bodh Gaya, on the banks of Niranjana (Phalgu) river; at age 35
First Sermon (Dhammachakkapavattana): At Sarnath (Deer Park / Rishipatana) — to five disciples; called the Turning of the Wheel of Dharma
Death (Mahaparinirvana): 483 BCE at Kushinagar (Uttar Pradesh) at age 80

Four Sights that Prompted Renunciation

An old man (old age)
A sick man (disease)
A dead body (death)
A wandering ascetic (path of liberation)

Symbols Representing Events of Buddha’s Life

Birth → Lotus and Bull
Enlightenment (Bodhi) → Bodhi tree / Peepal tree
First Sermon (Dhammachakra Pravartana) → Wheel (Dharmachakra)
Mahaparinirvana (Death) → Stupa / Footprint

⭐ UPSC Prelims 2021 asked

⚖️ Buddhist Philosophy & Doctrines

Four Noble Truths (Chatur Arya Satya)

Dukkha – The world is full of suffering
Samudaya – All suffering has a cause (desire, ignorance, attachment)
Nirodha – Suffering can be destroyed by eliminating its cause
Marga – The Eightfold Path is the way to end suffering

⭐ UPSC Core Concept

Eightfold Path — Ashtangika Marga

Right View (Samyak Drishti) – Understanding the nature of suffering
Right Aim/Intention (Samyak Sankalpa) – Renouncing desire and ill-will
Right Speech (Samyak Vak) – Speaking truth always
Right Action (Samyak Karma) – Performing unselfish actions
Right Livelihood (Samyak Ajiva) – Living by honest means
Right Effort (Samyak Vyayama) – Controlling senses to prevent bad thoughts
Right Mindfulness (Samyak Smriti) – Understanding impermanence of the body
Right Concentration (Samyak Samadhi) – Meditation leading to peace and truth

📌 UPSC Note The Eightfold Path is called the Middle Path (Majjhima Patipada) — avoiding both extreme luxury and extreme asceticism. This is the fundamental difference with Jainism which advocates extreme asceticism.

Triratna of Buddhism (Three Jewels)

Buddha – The Enlightened One
Dharma – His teachings
Sangha – The community of monks

Panchshila — Five Precepts

Do not kill (Ahimsa)
Do not steal
Do not lie
Do not drink intoxicants
Do not indulge in sensual pleasures

Key Philosophical Concepts

Anatta (No-Self): Buddhism denies the existence of a permanent soul — no atman; this is the fundamental difference with Jainism and Brahmanism
Anicca (Impermanence): Everything is transient and ever-changing
Dukkha (Suffering): Existence is inherently unsatisfactory
Pratitya Samutpada: Dependent Origination — all things arise in dependence on causes and conditions; the chain of 12 nidanas (links)
Nirvana: Extinction of desire — liberation; possible in this life itself (unlike Jainism)
Karma: Actions determine future — but no transmigrating soul in Buddhism
God: Buddha neither accepted nor denied God — concerned primarily with individual liberation
Madhyama Pratipada (Middle Path): Avoid extreme asceticism and extreme indulgence

⭐ Frequently Asked — Anatta, Pratitya Samutpada

🏛️ Buddhist Councils

1st Buddhist Council — c. 483 BCE, Rajagriha

Presided by: Mahakassapa
Patron: Ajatashatru (Haryanka dynasty)
Purpose: Compiled Vinaya Pitaka (Upali) and Sutta Pitaka (Ananda)
Held at Saptaparni Cave near Rajagriha

2nd Buddhist Council — c. 383 BCE, Vaishali

Presided by: Sabakami
Patron: Kalasoka (Shishunaga dynasty)
Purpose: Dispute over 10 points of monastic discipline → First split in Buddhism
Led to division into Sthaviravada (orthodox) and Mahasanghika

3rd Buddhist Council — c. 250 BCE, Pataliputra

Presided by: Mogaliputta Tissa
Patron: Ashoka (Maurya dynasty)
Purpose: Purification of the Sangha; compiled Abhidhamma Pitaka; dispatched missionaries including Mahinda to Sri Lanka

⭐ Most Important Council — UPSC Prelims frequently asked

4th Buddhist Council — c. 72 CE, Kashmir (Kundalvana)

Presided by: Vasumitra (Chairman), Ashvaghosha (Vice-chairman)
Patron: Kanishka (Kushan dynasty)
Purpose: Final split into Hinayana and Mahayana
Note: This council is NOT recognised by Theravada/Hinayana Buddhists

🔱 Sects of Buddhism

Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle)

Also called Theravada (Doctrine of the Elders) — oldest surviving school
Considers Buddha as a great man, not God
Does not believe in idol worship
Texts written in Pali
Individual salvation is primary
Spread to: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia
Sub-sects: Vaibhashika (Kashmir) and Sautrantika

Mahayana (Greater Vehicle)

Buddha is worshipped as a God — idol worship accepted
Concept of Bodhisattva — delays own Nirvana to help others achieve it
Texts written in Sanskrit
Emphasis on universal salvation (helping all beings)
Founded by Nagarjuna (Madhyamaka/Shunyavada)
Spread to: China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, Vietnam
Sub-sects: Madhyamaka/Shunyavada (Nagarjuna) and Vijnanavada/Yogachara (Asanga & Vasubandhu)

📌 Key: Mahayana Ideal = Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara (Padmapani) — holds a lotus; most popular Bodhisattva
Maitreya — the future Buddha yet to incarnate; holds a water phial
Manjushri — Bodhisattva of wisdom
Vajrapani — holds a thunderbolt

⭐ Bodhisattvas frequently asked in UPSC

Vajrayana (Diamond Vehicle / Thunderbolt Way)

Also called Tantric Buddhism
Emerged in 7th century CE
Uses mantras, mudras, and mandalas for salvation
Worships Shakti (Tara) — female deities
Spread to: Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan
Key texts: Tantras
Promoted by: Pala dynasty of Bengal

🧠 Famous Buddhist Scholars

Nagarjuna — “Einstein of India”; founder of Madhyamaka school; Madhyamika Karika; Shanyvada; contemporary of Satavahana king Yajnashri Gautamiputra
Ashvaghosa — Poet, dramatist, philosopher; Buddhacharita (biography of Buddha), Saundarananda; contemporary of Kanishka
Asanga — Founder of Yogachara/Vijnanavada school; 4th century CE
Vasubandhu — Brother of Asanga; systematised Yogachara; wrote Abhidharmakosha
Dignaga — Founder of Buddhist logic (Nyaya school) — “the Aristotle of India”
Dharmakirti — Philosopher; student of Dignaga; Buddhist logic
Buddhaghosa — 5th century CE; wrote Visuddhimagga (The Path of Purification); commentaries on Digha Nikaya (Sumangalavilasini)
Chandragomin — Known as “Vyakarancharya” (grammarian) and poet
Chandrakirti — Madhyamaka philosopher; commentaries on Nagarjuna

⭐ Ashvaghosa, Nagarjuna asked in UPSC

🏗️ Buddhist Architecture

Stupa: Hemispherical dome structure containing relics of Buddha or Buddhist monks; earliest stupas at Sanchi, Bharhut, Amaravati, Sarnath
Chaitya: A Buddhist prayer hall containing a stupa; term also used for a sacred enclosure
Vihara: Buddhist monastery — residential quarters for monks
Oldest Buddha sculpture: Mathura style (Kushan period); also Gandhara style (Greco-Buddhist)
Dharmachakra mudra: The preaching mudra — associated with Buddha’s First Sermon at Sarnath; used in Gandhara art

📉 Decline of Buddhism in India

Loss of royal patronage after the Guptas
Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism — especially Bhakti movement
Absorption into Hinduism — Buddha was accepted as an avatar of Vishnu
Corruption in the Sangha — monks began acquiring wealth and engaging in rituals
Destruction by Mahmud of Ghazni — attacked Nalanda and other monasteries
Nalanda destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji (1203 CE) — decisive blow
Split into sects — weakened the unified movement

📚 Important Texts of Jainism A. Jain Canonical Literature (Agamas)

12 Angas (Core Canonical Texts)

The most sacred scriptures — believed to be teachings of Mahavira
Written in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit
Compiled at the First Jain Council (Pataliputra, c. 300 BCE)
Digambaras believe the original Angas are lost
Most important Anga: Acharanga Sutra — contains rules of conduct for monks; oldest Jain text
Other Angas: Sutrakritanga, Sthananga, etc.

⭐ Language: Ardhamagadhi Prakrit

Kalpa Sutra

Author: Bhadrabahu
Contains biographies of Tirthankaras (especially Mahavira and Parshvanatha)
Contains rules of conduct for monks and nuns
Recited during the important Jain festival of Paryushana
Key source for: Jain rituals, Mahavira’s life

⭐ UPSC Prelims Linked

Tattvartha Sutra

Author: Umasvati (Umasvami)
Language: Sanskrit (unique — most Jain texts are in Prakrit)
Accepted by both Digambara and Shwetambara sects
Systematic philosophical treatise on Jain doctrine
Contains the Seven Fundamentals (Tattvas): Jiva, Ajiva, Asrava, Bandha, Samvara, Nirjara, Moksha

⭐ Only text accepted by both Jain sects

Parishishtaparvan

Author: Hemachandra
Contains political history of the Mauryan period — important historical source
Hemachandra was the great Jain scholar at the court of Kumarapala (Solanki dynasty)

Dravyasamgraha

Author: Nemichandra
Deals with Jain metaphysics and cosmology

Jain Agamas — Valabhi Council

Final compilation of Shwetambara canon done at the Second Jain Council at Valabhi (Gujarat, c. 5th–6th century CE)
Presided by Devardhigani Kshamasramana

Jain Puranas (Historical)

Adi Purana — adapted from Hindu Puranic tradition
Jain texts are also important for secular history — especially the Jain chronicles of Gujarat
Language of Jain texts: Ardhamagadhi (earliest), then Prakrit, Sanskrit, later Apabhramsha

📚 Important Texts of Buddhism A. Tripitaka — The Three Baskets (Most Important)

Vinaya Pitaka

Rules of monastic discipline for monks (Bhikkhus) and nuns (Bhikkhunis)
Origin and organization of the Sangha
Compiled at the First Buddhist Council by Upali
UPSC Angle: Social organization of Buddhist Sangha

Sutta Pitaka (Sutta = Sutra)

Contains the sermons and discourses of Buddha
Compiled by Ananda at the First Buddhist Council
Five Nikayas (Collections):
- Digha Nikaya — Long discourses (34 suttas)
- Majjhima Nikaya — Middle-length discourses
- Samyutta Nikaya — Grouped/connected discourses
- Anguttara Nikaya — Numerical discourses
- Khuddaka Nikaya — Minor texts (includes Dhammapada, Jataka tales, Therigatha)

Abhidhamma Pitaka

Philosophical and psychological analysis of Buddhist doctrine
Buddhist metaphysics and analytical philosophy
Compiled at the Third Buddhist Council under Ashoka

B. Important Buddhist Texts Outside Tripitaka

Jataka Tales

547 stories of Buddha’s previous births (past lives)
Extremely important for social and economic history of ancient India
Part of Khuddaka Nikaya
Depicted on reliefs at Bharhut, Sanchi, and Amaravati
Most famous Jataka: Khuddaka Nikaya sub-section

⭐ Art link — Sanchi, Bharhut

Dhammapada

Collection of ethical verses (423 verses)
Part of Khuddaka Nikaya
Theme: Middle Path, morality, mental discipline
One of the most popular Buddhist texts globally

Milinda Panha (Milindapanha)

Dialogue between Indo-Greek king Menander (Milinda) and the Buddhist monk Nagasena
Important for: Logical exposition of Buddhist philosophy
Historical source for Indo-Greek relations

⭐ UPSC Prelims asked — Indo-Greek connection

Buddhacharita

Author: Ashvaghosha
A biography of Gautama Buddha in Sanskrit verse
First full-length biography of Buddha

Visuddhimagga (Path of Purification)

Author: Buddhaghosa (5th century CE)
Describes the path from monastic discipline to Nirvana/Nibbana
Written in Pali
Considered the “encyclopaedia of Theravada Buddhism”

Mahavastu

School: Lokottaravada (sub-sect of Mahasanghika)
Contains life of Buddha — semi-biographical

C. Mahayana Buddhist Texts

Prajnaparamita Sutras

Associated with Nagarjuna and Madhyamaka school
Theme: Shunyata (Emptiness) — all phenomena are empty of inherent existence
Includes the famous Heart Sutra and Diamond Sutra

Lotus Sutra (Saddharma Pundarika)

Theme: Universal Buddhahood — all beings can attain enlightenment
One of the most influential Mahayana texts
Hugely important in East Asian Buddhism

Lankavatara Sutra

Associated with Yogachara/Vijnanavada philosophy
Theme: Mind-only doctrine (all phenomena are projections of the mind)

D. Historical/Chronicle Buddhist Texts

Dipavamsa & Mahavamsa

Dipavamsa: Chronicle of Sri Lankan Buddhism — oldest Pali chronicle
Mahavamsa: Written by Mahinda (son of Ashoka); major source for Ashokan period and Sri Lanka’s history

⭐ Important for Ashoka’s history

Therigatha

Songs/poems composed by senior Buddhist nuns (Theris = Elder Nuns)
Part of Khuddaka Nikaya
One of the earliest collections of women’s literature in the world

⚖️ Buddhism vs Jainism — Key Differences

God Jainism: Recognises gods (Brahmanical gods included); Tirthankaras are supreme
Buddhism: Buddha neither accepted nor denied God; focused on individual liberation

Soul (Atman) Jainism: Believes in eternal Jiva (soul); also in transmigration of soul
Buddhism: Denies permanent soul — doctrine of Anatta (No-Self); no transmigrating soul

Ahimsa Jainism: Extreme — even agriculture is avoided; strict vegetarianism
Buddhism: Moderate — prohibits killing but allows eating meat in some circumstances

Asceticism Jainism: Extreme asceticism is the path — Sallekhana (ritual death by fasting)
Buddhism: Middle Path — rejects both extreme asceticism and luxury

Salvation Jainism: Kaivalya — possible only after death; not for women (Digambara view)
Buddhism: Nirvana — possible during one’s own lifetime; women can also attain

Language Jainism: Ardhamagadhi Prakrit (texts); spoken in Prakrit
Buddhism: Pali (Theravada texts); Sanskrit (Mahayana texts)

Karma Jainism: Karma is a real physical substance that sticks to the soul
Buddhism: Karma is a moral force (action and intention) — not a physical substance

Women Jainism: Digambaras — women cannot attain moksha; Shwetambaras — they can
Buddhism: Buddha initially reluctant but allowed women in Sangha — women can attain Nirvana

Spread Jainism: Primarily stayed in India (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka)
Buddhism: Spread across Asia — became a world religion

Key Philosophy Jainism: Anekantavada, Syadvada
Buddhism: Madhyamaka (Nagarjuna), Vijnanavada (Asanga), Pratitya Samutpada

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⚡ Quick Revision — High-Yield One-Liners

First Tirthankara of Jainism → Rishabhanatha (Adinath) — mentioned in Rigveda
24th Tirthankara → Vardhamana Mahavira
Parshvanatha added → 4 vows; Mahavira added → 5th vow (Brahmacharya)
Mahavira born at → Kundagrama (near Vaishali); died at Pavapuri
Buddha born at → Lumbini; enlightened at Bodh Gaya; first sermon at Sarnath; died at Kushinagar
First Buddhist Council → Rajagriha; patron Ajatashatru; presided by Mahakassapa
Third Buddhist Council → Pataliputra; patron Ashoka; presided by Mogaliputta Tissa
Fourth Buddhist Council → Kashmir; patron Kanishka; led to Hinayana–Mahayana split
Hinayana texts → Pali; Mahayana texts → Sanskrit
Nagarjuna → Einstein of India; Madhyamaka/Shunyavada; Mahayana Buddhism
Ashvaghosa → Buddhacharita (biography of Buddha); contemporary of Kanishka
Buddhaghosa → Visuddhimagga; Sumangalavilasini (commentary on Digha Nikaya)
Only text accepted by both Jain sects → Tattvartha Sutra (Umasvati)
Kalpa Sutra → Bhadrabahu; biographies of Tirthankaras; recited during Paryushana
Milinda Panha → Dialogue of king Menander (Milinda) and monk Nagasena
Dhammapada → 423 ethical verses; part of Khuddaka Nikaya
Jataka Tales → 547 stories of Buddha’s past lives; depicted at Sanchi and Bharhut
Therigatha → Poems of senior Buddhist nuns; earliest women’s literature
Mahavamsa → Written by Mahinda; key source for Ashoka’s era
Maitreya → Future Buddha; holds water phial (Mahayana)
Shunyata → Nagarjuna’s concept of Emptiness (Madhyamaka)
Anatta → No-Soul doctrine of Buddhism (fundamental difference from Jainism)
Pratitya Samutpada → Dependent Origination (12 links of causation) — core Buddhist concept
Chandragupta Maurya → Converted to Jainism; died by Sallekhana at Shravanabelagola
Suttapitaka compiled by → Ananda (at 1st Council); Ananda was Buddha’s personal attendant
Vinaya Pitaka compiled by → Upali (at 1st Council)

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