Adopted at the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) COP-15 in 2022, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) sets a global roadmap to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030, working toward a shared vision of “living in harmony with nature by 2050”.

Key Goals and Targets of the KMGBF

• The ’30×30′ Ecosystem Restoration Target: Target 2 and Target 3 mandate the restoration of at least 30% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal/marine ecosystems, along with effective conservation of 30% of global land and seas by 2030.
• Halting Species Extinction: Target 4 aims to halt human-induced extinction of threatened species, recover wild fauna/flora populations, and maintain genetic diversity while managing human-wildlife conflict.
• Pollution and Chemical Risk Reduction: Target 7 focuses on reducing negative pollution impacts, including cutting pesticide and hazardous chemical risks by at least 50% and working toward zero plastic pollution.
• Sustainable Use and Benefit-Sharing: Targets 9, 10, and 13 ensure the sustainable management of wild species and equitable sharing of monetary and non-monetary benefits from genetic resources and Digital Sequence Information (DSI).
• Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Corporate Governance: Target 15 requires large businesses and financial institutions to monitor, assess, and disclose their biodiversity-related dependencies and risks.
• Closing the Global Biodiversity Finance Gap: Target 19 commits to mobilizing at least $200 billion annually by 2030, including raising international biodiversity finance for developing nations to $30 billion per year.

India’s Commitments and Implementation Initiatives

• Updated NBSAP (2024–2030): Formulated its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan aligning 23 National Biodiversity Targets and 142 indicators with the KMGBF through a whole-of-government approach involving 23 ministries.
• Large-Scale Land and Mangrove Restoration:
  • Committed to restoring 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 under the Bonn Challenge, with over 21.76 million hectares already brought under restoration programs.
  • Launched the MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes) scheme to restore 54,000 hectares of coastal mangrove systems by 2028.
• Protected Areas and Wetland Expansion: India maintains a network of 106 National Parks, 574 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 58 Tiger Reserves, and 33 Elephant Reserves. Ramsar wetland sites expanded to 101 designated wetlands in 2026.
• Targeted Species Recovery: Long-term conservation projects (Project Tiger, Project Elephant) reported 3,682 wild tigers and 22,446 wild elephants in India’s Seventh National Report to the CBD.
• Decentralized Documentation and Benefit-Sharing: Established over 2,76,653 statutory Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) and compiled more than 2,72,648 People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 to protect local genetic knowledge and support Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS).
• International Environmental Diplomacy: Championed the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) and global initiatives like Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) to foster collective conservation action.

India’s efforts reflect Mahatma Gandhi’s reminder that “the earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed”. Fulfilling these commitments supports long-term ecological balance and climate resilience.