Correct Answer: Option (c)

Alternative Powertrain = any propulsion system that replaces the conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) running on petrol/diesel

• All three vehicle types eliminate or significantly reduce dependence on fossil-fuel ICEs

Core Insight: Any vehicle that replaces the fossil-fuel ICE — whether via battery, hydrogen, or hybrid fuel cell — qualifies as an alternative powertrain vehicle.

Correct Answer: Option (d)

UAV = Unmanned Aerial Vehicle; includes a wide range of designs — rotary-wing (quadcopters), fixed-wing (airplane-type), and hybrid

→ “All types” is the trap word here — one exception makes the statement false

Correct Answer: Option (c)

Explanation:

Battery Cathode = positive electrode where lithium ions are received during discharge

→ The key distinction here is Cathode vs Anode — Graphite is the classic anode material, not cathode

• (I) ✅ — Cobalt is a core cathode component; used in LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide) and NMC chemistries; enhances thermal stability and energy density
• (II) ❌ — Graphite is used in the anode, not cathode; it hosts lithium ions during charging via intercalation
• (III) ✅ — Lithium is integral to cathode structure (LiCoO₂, LiFePO₄, LiNiMnCoO₂); acts as the charge carrier shuttling between electrodes
• (IV) ✅ — Nickel is used in high-performance cathodes like NMC and NCA; boosts energy density and reduces cobalt dependence

Core Insight: In EV batteries — Cathode = Cobalt + Lithium + Nickel; Anode = Graphite. Graphite is the odd one out and the most common trap in this question.

Correct Answer: Option (c)

Explanation:

Plastic = synthetic polymer derived from petrochemicals; exists in many non-obvious everyday products

→ The question tests awareness of hidden plastics beyond obvious items like bags and bottles

• (I) ✅ — Cigarette filters contain cellulose acetate, a plastic polymer; non-biodegradable, releases microplastics into soil and water when discarded
• (II) ✅ — Modern eyeglass lenses are made of polycarbonate or CR-39 (allyl diglycol carbonate); both are plastic polymers chosen for being lightweight and impact-resistant
• (III) ✅ — Car tyres contain synthetic rubber (styrene-butadiene, butadiene rubber) derived from petrochemicals; these are plastic-based polymers reinforced with carbon black

Core Insight: Plastic is not just bags and bottles — cigarette filters (cellulose acetate), eyeglass lenses (polycarbonate), and tyres (synthetic rubber) are all polymer-based; critical for understanding microplastic pollution sources.

Correct Answer: Option (b)

Explanation:

Coal Gasification = conversion of coal into syngas (CO + H₂ mixture) which acts as a feedstock for producing various chemicals and fuels

→ The key is identifying which substances can be derived — directly or indirectly — from syngas

• (I) ✅ — Syngas can be catalytically converted or fermented into ethanol; coal gasification is a valid production route
• (II) ❌ — Nitroglycerine (C₃H₅N₃O₉) is synthesised from glycerol + nitric acid; no connection to syngas or coal-based feedstock whatsoever
• (III) ✅ — Urea requires ammonia + CO₂; ammonia is made from hydrogen extracted from syngas (via Haber process) + atmospheric nitrogen; coal gasification indirectly enables urea production

Core Insight: Coal gasification produces syngas (CO + H₂) — remember key derivatives: Methanol, Ammonia, Ethanol, Hydrogen, Synthetic Gas; Nitroglycerine is never a syngas product — it’s an acid-based synthesis.