For the measurement/estimation of which of the following are satellite images/remote sensing data used?
1. Chlorophyll content in the vegetation of a specific location
2. Greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies of a specific location
3. Land surface temperatures of a specific location
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Explanation
Satellite remote sensing instruments and multispectral imagery are widely used to measure all three environmental parameters:
– 1. Chlorophyll content in vegetation (Measurable): Multispectral and hyperspectral sensors (such as ESA Sentinel-2 and NASA Landsat) evaluate red-edge and near-infrared reflectance to determine vegetative health and calculate chlorophyll indices.
– 2. Greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies (Measurable): Atmospheric sensors (such as TROPOMI on Sentinel-5P) along with high-resolution land surface moisture tracking measure spatial column densities and trace methane (CH4) emissions from waterlogged agricultural paddies.
– 3. Land surface temperatures (Measurable): Thermal infrared sensors calculate land surface temperatures (LST) across distinct topographies to identify urban heat islands and monitor microclimatic variations.
Hence, remote sensing is applicable across 1, 2, and 3 — Option D.