Explanation

Ulgulan (meaning ‘The Great Tumult’ or immense upheaval in the Mundari language) is the historic tribal rebellion led by Birsa Munda between 1899 and 1900 in the Chotanagpur plateau (south of Ranchi):

– The movement arose against the colonial erosion of the traditional Khuntkatti (joint landholding) system, exploitation by non-tribal moneylenders and landlords (dikus), forced unpaid labour (beth-begari), and missionary interference.
– Birsa Munda mobilized the Munda community through religious revivals and armed resistance, declaring the end of British rule and the establishment of sovereign Munda Raj.
– Following the rebellion and Birsa’s martyrdom in jail in 1900, the British administration enacted the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908, legally protecting tribal land rights and prohibiting the transfer of tribal land to non-tribals.

Therefore, Ulgulan refers to Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899-1900 — Option D.