In the nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil?
1. Fern
2. Lichen
3. Moss
4. Mushroom
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Explanation
Pioneer species play a critical role in ecological primary succession on bare, exposed substrates:
– 2. Lichens (Correct): Composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga/cyanobacterium. They produce specialized organic acids that weather bare rock surfaces directly, requiring zero soil to anchor and thrive.
– 3. Mosses (Correct): Non-vascular bryophytes that lack true root systems. They use primitive rhizoids simply for physical anchorage and absorb moisture and ambient nutrients directly from the air and precipitation, allowing them to grow on bare rocks, masonry, and tree bark.
– 1. Ferns (Incorrect): Vascular plants (pteridophytes) that possess true roots, conducting vessels (xylem and phloem), and typically require established soil or nutrient-rich humus beds.
– 4. Mushrooms (Incorrect): Fungi that are saprophytic heterotrophs, requiring soil, compost, or rich decaying organic matter to obtain sustenance.
Hence, only 2 and 3 thrive on soil-less bare rock surfaces — Option C.