Explanation
A
powertrain is the system that generates power and delivers it to a vehicle’s wheels — typically comprising the engine, transmission, and drivetrain. Alternative powertrain vehicles are those that do not rely on conventional internal combustion engines (ICEs) running on petrol or diesel. Instead, they use sources such as electricity, hydrogen, or a combination of both.
Full Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) run entirely on electricity stored in high-capacity batteries, charged via external sources. They have no combustion engine and produce zero tailpipe emissions. Examples include the Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCEVs) generate electricity onboard through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, powering an electric motor. The only byproduct is water vapour, making them emission-free at the tailpipe. They are refuelled with compressed hydrogen gas rather than charged externally. Examples include the Toyota Mirai and Hyundai NEXO.
Fuel Cell Electric Hybrid Vehicles (FCHEVs) combine both a hydrogen fuel cell and a battery system to power an electric motor. The battery stores energy from regenerative braking or the fuel cell itself, offering greater efficiency and extended range. The Mercedes-Benz GLC F-CELL is a notable example.
Since
none of the three vehicle types depend on conventional combustion engines, all three are classified as alternative powertrain vehicles.